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Total expenditure on R&D: $bn
Highest brain gain
Highest entrepreneurial activity
Innovation index
Lowest brain gain
Lowest entrepreneurial activity
Total expenditure on R&D: $bn
Total expenditure on R&D: % of GDP
$bn
2018
Rank
1
Country
United States
Result
581.6
Rank
2
Country
China
Result
297.4
Rank
3
Country
Japan
Result
162.3
Rank
4
Country
Germany
Result
123.7
Rank
5
Country
South Korea
Result
77.9
Rank
6
Country
France
Result
61.1
Rank
7
Country
United Kingdom
Result
48.7
Rank
8
Country
Italy
Result
29.0
Rank
9
Country
Canada
Result
26.8
Rank
10
Country
Australia
Result
25.3
a
Rank
11
Country
Switzerland
Result
22.9
a
Rank
12
Country
Brazil
Result
22.7
b
Rank
13
Country
Taiwan
Result
20.4
Rank
14
Country
Netherlands
Result
19.8
Rank
15
Country
Sweden
Result
18.4
Rank
16
Country
Israel
Result
18.3
Rank
17
Country
Spain
Result
17.7
Rank
18
Country
Russia
Result
16.4
Rank
19
Country
Belgium
Result
15.0
Rank
20
Country
Austria
Result
14.5
Rank
21
Country
India
Result
13.3
c
Rank
22
Country
Denmark
Result
10.8
Rank
23
Country
Norway
Result
9.0
Rank
24
Country
Turkey
Result
8.2
a
Rank
25
Country
Finland
Result
7.6
Rank
26
Country
Poland
Result
7.1
Rank
27
Country
Singapore
Result
6.9
Rank
28
Country
Thailand
Result
5.6
Rank
29
Country
United Arab Emirates
Result
5.4
Rank
30
Country
Czech Republic
Result
4.7
Rank
31
Country
Ireland
Result
4.4
Rank
32
Country
Malaysia
Result
4.3
b
Rank
33
Country
Mexico
Result
3.8
Rank
34
Country
Argentina
Result
3.5
a
Rank
35
Country
Portugal
Result
3.3
Index key & notes
Notes
Source: IMD, World Competitiveness Yearbook
a
2017
b
2016
c
2015